Iikhareji zikaloliwe ezihamba ngesantya esiphezulu zidityanisiwe kusetyenziswa izixhobo ze-aluminiyam. Eminye imizila yoololiwe abahamba ngesantya esiphezulu badlula kwimimandla ebandayo enamaqondo obushushu asezantsi ukuya kuma-30 ukuya kuma-40 ngokukaCelsius. Ezinye izixhobo, izixhobo, kunye nezinto eziphilayo kwiinqanawa zophando ze-Antarctic zenziwe ngezinto ze-aluminiyam kwaye kufuneka zimelane namaqondo obushushu asezantsi njenge-60 ukuya kuma-70 degrees Celsius. Iinqanawa zemithwalo zaseTshayina ezihamba ukusuka eArctic ukuya eYurophu zisebenzisa ezinye izixhobo ezenziwe ngezinto ze-aluminiyam, kwaye ezinye zisesichengeni sobushushu obusezantsi ukuya kuma-50 ukuya kuma-60 ngokukaCelsius. Ngaba banokusebenza ngokuqhelekileyo kwindawo ebanda ngolo hlobo? Akukho ngxaki, ii-alloys ze-aluminium kunye nezixhobo ze-aluminium angesabi ukubanda okukhulu okanye ukushisa.

I-aluminiyam kunye ne-alloys ye-aluminiyam zizinto ezibalaseleyo zobushushu obuphantsi. Ababonisi ubuqhophololo obuphantsi kobushushu njengentsimbi eqhelekileyo okanye i-nickel alloys, ebonisa ukuhla okubalulekileyo kwamandla kunye ne-ductility kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi. Nangona kunjalo, ii-alloys ze-aluminium kunye ne-aluminium zihlukile. Azibonakalisi nakuphi na ukutsala ubushushu obuphantsi. Zonke iimpawu zabo zoomatshini zanda kakhulu njengoko ubushushu buyancipha. Oku kuzimeleyo kulwakhiwo lwemathiriyeli, nokuba yingxubevange ye-aluminiyam okanye i-alloy ekhandiweyo ye-aluminiyam, ingxube ye-metallurgy yomgubo, okanye imathiriyeli edibeneyo. Ikwazimele ngokwemeko yezinto, nokuba ikwimo esetyenzisiweyo okanye emva konyango lobushushu. Ayinxulumananga nenkqubo yokulungiselela i-ingot, nokuba iveliswa ngokusaswa nokuqengqeleka okanye ukuqhubeka nokuphosa nokuqengqeleka. Kananjalo ayihambelani nenkqubo yokukhutshwa kwe-aluminium, kubandakanywa i-electrolysis, ukunciphisa i-carbon thermal, kunye nokukhutshwa kweekhemikhali. Oku kusebenza kuwo onke amanqanaba okucoceka, ukusuka kwi-aluminium yenkqubo kunye ne-99.50% ukuya kwi-99.79% yococeko, i-aluminium ecocekileyo ephezulu kunye ne-99.80% ukuya kwi-99.949% yococeko, i-aluminium ye-super-purity kunye ne-99.950% ukuya kwi-99.9959% yococeko, i-69. ukuya kwi-99.9990% ubunyulu, kunye ne-aluminium ye-ultra-high-purity engaphezulu kwe-99.9990% yobunyulu. Okubangela umdla kukuba, ezinye iintsimbi ezimbini ezikhanyayo, i-magnesium kunye ne-titanium, nazo azibonisi brittleness yobushushu obuphantsi.

Iimpawu zemishini ye-aluminium alloys esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwiinqwelo zesitimela ezihamba ngesantya esiphezulu kunye nobudlelwane babo kunye nobushushu buboniswe kwitheyibhile engezantsi.

Iinqwelo ze-high-speed train zisebenzisa izinto ze-aluminium ezifana ne-Al-Mg series 5005 alloy plates, 5052 plates alloy plates, 5083 plates alloy plates, kunye neeprofayili; I-Al-Mg-Si i-series ye-6061 i-alloy plates kunye neeprofayili, i-6N01 i-alloy profiles, i-6063 i-alloy profiles; Uluhlu lwe-Al-Zn-Mg lwe-7N01 i-alloy plates kunye neeprofayili, iiprofayili ze-7003 ze-alloy. Ziza ngokwemigangatho eqhelekileyo: O, H14, H18, H112, T4, T5, T6.

Ukusuka kwidatha ekwitheyibhile, kuyacaca ukuba iipropathi zomatshini ze-aluminium alloys zanda njengoko izinga lokushisa liyancipha. Ke ngoko, i-aluminiyamu yeyona nto ibalaseleyo yobushushu obuphantsi obufanelekileyo, ilungele ukusetyenziswa kwi-rocket low-temperature fuel (i-liquid hydrogen, liquid oxygen) iitanki, i-liquefied natural gas (LNG) iinqanawa zothutho kunye neetanki eziselunxwemeni, iinqwelo zeekhemikhali ezinobushushu obuphantsi, ukugcinwa okubandayo. , iilori ezifakwe efrijini, nokunye.

Amacandelo okwakhiwa koololiwe abahamba ngesantya esiphezulu ababaleka eMhlabeni, kubandakanywa iikhareji kunye nezixhobo zelocomotive, zonke zinokuveliswa kusetyenziswa ialluminiyam ekhoyo. Akukho mfuneko yokuphanda nge-alloy entsha ye-aluminium yezakhiwo zeenqwelo ezisebenza kwimimandla ebandayo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba i-alloy entsha ye-6XXX esebenza malunga ne-10% ephezulu kune-6061 alloy okanye i-alloy ye-7XXX esebenza ngokubanzi malunga ne-8% ephezulu kune-alloy ye-7N01 inokuphuhliswa, oko kuya kuba yimpumelelo ebalulekileyo.

Okulandelayo, makhe sixoxe ngeendlela zokuphuhliswa kweekhareji ze-aluminium alloys.

Kwi-curUkwenziwa kwerenti kunye nokugcinwa kweekhareji zikaloliwe, iipleyiti zealloy ezifana ne-5052, 5083, 5454, kunye ne-6061 ziyasetyenziswa, kunye neeprofayili ezikhutshiweyo njenge-5083, 6061, kunye ne-7N01. Ezinye ii-alloys ezintsha ezifana ne-5059, 5383, kunye ne-6082 nazo ziyasetyenziswa. Bonke babonisa ukuwelda okugqwesileyo, kunye neengcingo zokuwelda ngokuqhelekileyo ziyi-5356 okanye i-5556 alloys. Ewe kunjalo, i-friction stir welding (FSW) yeyona ndlela ikhethwayo, njengoko ayiqinisekisi kuphela umgangatho ophezulu we-welding kodwa ikwaphelisa nesidingo seengcingo zokuwelda. I-alloy yaseJapan ye-7N01, kunye nokwakhiwa kwayo kwe-Mn 0.200.7%, Mg 1.0I-2.0%, kunye ne-Zn 4.0 ~ 5.0% (yonke kwi-%), ifumene ukusetyenziswa okubanzi ekuveliseni izithuthi zikaloliwe. IJamani isebenzise iipleyiti ze-5005 ze-alloy ukuvelisa i-sidewall ye-high-speed Trans Rapid carriage kwaye iqeshwe i-6061, i-6063, kunye ne-6005 ye-alloy extrusions kwiiprofayili. Ngamafutshane, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, omabini iTshayina kunye namanye amazwe abambelele kakhulu kwezi ngxubevange zokwenziwa koololiwe abahamba ngesantya esiphezulu.

I-Aluminiyam yeAluminiyam yeeNqwelo ezihamba nge-200km/h ~ 350km/h

Siyakwazi ukuhlula ii-alloys ze-aluminiyam yeenqwelo ngokusekwe kwisantya sokusebenza koololiwe. I-alloys yesizukulwana sokuqala isetyenziselwa izithuthi ezinesantya esingaphantsi kwe-200km/h kwaye ziyi-alloys eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iinqwelo zezithuthi zikaloliwe zasezidolophini, ezifana ne-6063, 6061, kunye ne-5083 alloys. I-alloys ye-aluminium yesizukulwana sesibini njenge-6N01, i-5005, i-6005A, i-7003, kunye ne-7005 isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iinqwelo zeenqwelo ezihamba ngesantya esiphezulu kunye nesantya ukusuka kwi-200km / h ukuya kwi-350km / h. Izixhobo zesizukulwana sesithathu ziquka i-6082 kunye ne-scandium equkethe i-aluminium alloys.

I-Scandium-Equlethe i-Aluminiyam i-Alloys

I-Scandium yenye yezona zisulungekiyo zengqolowa ze-aluminiyam kwaye ithathwa njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo ekuphuculeni iipropathi zealluminiyam. Umxholo weScandium ngokuqhelekileyo ungaphantsi kwe-0.5% kwi-alloys ye-aluminium, kunye ne-alloys equkethe i-scandium ngokudibeneyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-aluminium-scandium alloys (Al-Sc alloys). Ialloys zeAl-Sc zibonelela ngezinto eziluncedo ezinje ngokuqina okuphezulu, ukudumba okulungileyo, ukuwelda okugqwesileyo, kunye nokumelana nomhlwa. Zisetyenziswa kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa iinqanawa, izithuthi ze-aerospace, ii-reactors, kunye nezixhobo zokukhusela, ezizenza isizukulwana esitsha se-alloys ye-aluminium efanelekileyo kwizakhiwo zezithuthi zikaloliwe.

I-Aluminiyam Foam

Izitimela ezihamba ngesantya esiphezulu zibonakaliswa yimithwalo ye-axle ekhaphukhaphu, ukukhawulezisa rhoqo kunye nokunciphisa, kunye nokusebenza okugqithisiweyo, okudinga ukuba isakhiwo sokuthwala sibe silula kangangoko kunokwenzeka ngelixa sidibana namandla, ukuqina, ukhuseleko kunye neemfuno zokuthuthuzela. Ngokucacileyo, i-ultra-light aluminium foam's amandla aphezulu athile, imodyuli ethile, kunye neempawu eziphezulu zokudambisa zihambelana nezi mfuno. Uphando lwangaphandle kunye nokuvavanya ukusetyenziswa kwe-foam ye-aluminium kwi-high-speed trains ibonise ukuba i-aluminium i-foam-filled steel tubes ine-35% ukuya kwi-40% yokufumana amandla aphezulu ngaphezu kweetyhubhu ezingenanto kunye ne-40% ukuya kwi-50% yokwanda kwamandla aguquguqukayo. Oku kwenza iintsika zenqwelwana kunye nezahlulo zomelele kwaye zingabi lula ukudilika. Ukusebenzisa i-aluminiyam ugwebu ukufunxa amandla kwindawo engaphambili yesithinteli sikaloliwe kuphucula amandla okufunxa. Iipaneli zeSandwich ezenziwe nge-10mm engqingqwa ye-aluminiyam yogwebu kunye namaphepha acekethekileyo e-aluminiyam alula nge-50% kuneepleyiti zentsimbi zoqobo lo gama esonyusa ukuqina ngamaxesha asi-8.