Matigari okwera masitima apamtunda amawotcherera pogwiritsa ntchito zida za aluminiyamu. Mizere ina ya masitima apamtunda othamanga imadutsa m'madera ozizira ndi kutentha kotsika mpaka 30 mpaka 40 digiri Celsius. Zida zina, zida, ndi zinthu zamoyo pazombo zofufuzira za ku Antarctic zimapangidwa kuchokera ku aluminiyamu ndipo zimafunika kupirira kutentha kochepera 60 mpaka 70 digiri Celsius. Sitima zonyamula katundu za ku China zomwe zimayenda kuchokera ku Arctic kupita ku Europe zimagwiritsanso ntchito zida zina zopangidwa kuchokera ku aluminiyamu, ndipo zina zimakhala ndi kutentha kochepera 50 mpaka 60 digiri Celsius. Kodi amatha kugwira ntchito nthawi zonse pakazizira kwambiri? Palibe vuto, zitsulo zotayidwa ndi aluminiyumu siziwopa kuzizira kwambiri kapena kutentha.

Aluminiyamu ndi ma aluminiyamu aloyi ndi zida zabwino kwambiri zotsika kutentha. Sawonetsa brittleness yotsika kutentha ngati zitsulo wamba kapena nickel alloys, zomwe zimasonyeza kuchepa kwakukulu kwa mphamvu ndi ductility pa kutentha kochepa. Komabe, zitsulo zotayidwa ndi aluminiyamu ndizosiyana. Sawonetsa kutsika kwamphamvu kwamphamvu. Mawotchi awo onse amawonjezeka kwambiri pamene kutentha kumachepa. Izi sizidalira kapangidwe kazinthuzo, kaya ndi aloyi wopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu kapena aloyi wopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu, aloyi yazitsulo ya ufa, kapena zinthu zophatikiza. Imakhalanso yodziyimira pawokha pazinthu zomwe zachitika, kaya zili mumkhalidwe wokonzedwa kapena pambuyo pa chithandizo cha kutentha. Ndizosagwirizana ndi ndondomeko yokonzekera ingot, kaya imapangidwa ndi kuponyera ndi kugudubuza kapena kuponyedwa kosalekeza. Zilinso zosagwirizana ndi njira yochotsera aluminium, kuphatikizapo electrolysis, kuchepetsa mpweya wa carbon, ndi kuchotsa mankhwala. Izi zikugwira ntchito pamagulu onse a chiyero, kuchokera ku ndondomeko ya aluminiyamu ndi 99.50% mpaka 99.79% chiyero, aluminiyumu yoyera kwambiri ndi 99.80% mpaka 99.949% chiyero, aluminiyumu yoyera kwambiri ndi 99.950% mpaka 99.9959% chiyero, 69999% yoyera kwambiri-99. ku 99.9990% chiyero, ndi ultra-high-purity aluminium yokhala ndi chiyero cha 99.9990%. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti zitsulo zina ziwiri zowala, magnesium ndi titaniyamu, nazonso siziwonetsa kutentha kochepa.

Zomwe zimapangidwira zazitsulo za aluminiyamu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamagalimoto othamanga kwambiri komanso ubale wawo ndi kutentha zikuwonetsedwa mu tebulo ili m'munsimu.

Magalimoto othamanga kwambiri amagwiritsa ntchito aluminiyamu monga mbale za Al-Mg 5005 alloy plates, 5052 alloy plates, 5083 alloy plates, ndi mbiri; Al-Mg-Si mndandanda 6061 aloyi mbale ndi mbiri, 6N01 aloyi mbiri, 6063 aloyi mbiri; Al-Zn-Mg mndandanda 7N01 aloyi mbale ndi mbiri, 7003 aloyi mbiri. Amabwera m'magawo okhazikika: O, H14, H18, H112, T4, T5, T6.

Kuchokera pazomwe zili patebulo, zikuwonekeratu kuti makina a aluminiyamu alloys amawonjezeka pamene kutentha kumachepa. Chifukwa chake, aluminiyamu ndi yabwino kwambiri yotsika kutentha yomwe imayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu matanki amadzi a haidrojeni, madzi okosijeni, zombo zoyendera zamagesi achilengedwe (LNG) ndi akasinja akumtunda, zotengera zamafuta otsika kutentha, kusungirako kuzizira. , magalimoto oyenda mufiriji, ndi zina zambiri.

Mapangidwe a masitima othamanga kwambiri omwe akuyenda Padziko Lapansi, kuphatikiza zonyamulira ndi ma locomotive, zitha kupangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma aluminiyamu omwe alipo. Palibe chifukwa chofufuza zamtundu watsopano wa aluminiyamu wamagalimoto oyenda m'madera ozizira. Komabe, ngati aloyi yatsopano ya 6XXX yokhala ndi magwiridwe antchito pafupifupi 10% kuposa aloyi ya 6061 kapena aloyi ya 7XXX yokhala ndi magwiridwe antchito pafupifupi 8% kuposa aloyi ya 7N01 ingapangidwe, kungakhale kupambana kwakukulu.

Kenaka, tiyeni tikambirane za chitukuko cha ma aluminiyamu amtundu wa ngolo.

Mu curveKupanga lendi ndikukonza zonyamula njanji, ma alloy plates monga 5052, 5083, 5454, ndi 6061 amagwiritsidwa ntchito, pamodzi ndi mbiri yotulutsidwa ngati 5083, 6061, ndi 7N01. Ma aloyi ena atsopano monga 5059, 5383, ndi 6082 akugwiritsidwanso ntchito. Onse amawonetsa kuwotcherera kwambiri, mawaya owotcherera amakhala 5356 kapena 5556 aloyi. Zachidziwikire, friction stir welding (FSW) ndiye njira yomwe amakonda, chifukwa sikuti imangotsimikizira kuti mawotchi apamwamba komanso amachotsa kufunikira kwa mawaya owotcherera. Aloyi yaku Japan ya 7N01, yokhala ndi Mn 0.200.7%, Mg 1.02.0%, ndi Zn 4.0 ~ 5.0% (zonse mu%), zapeza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakukulu popanga magalimoto a njanji. Germany idagwiritsa ntchito mbale za alloy 5005 kupanga zipinda zam'mbali zamagalimoto othamanga kwambiri a Trans Rapid ndikulemba ntchito 6061, 6063, ndi 6005 alloy extrusions for profiles. Mwachidule, mpaka pano, onse aku China ndi mayiko ena akhala akutsatira ma alloys awa popanga masitima othamanga kwambiri.

Aluminiyamu Aloyi kwa Magalimoto pa 200km/h ~ 350km/h

Titha kugawa ma aloyi a aluminiyamu pamagalimoto potengera kuthamanga kwa masitima apamtunda. Ma alloys a m'badwo woyamba amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagalimoto omwe ali ndi liwiro lochepera 200km/h ndipo ndi ma aloyi wamba omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zonyamula njanji zamatawuni, monga 6063, 6061, ndi 5083 alloys. Ma aluminiyamu amtundu wachiwiri monga 6N01, 5005, 6005A, 7003, ndi 7005 amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zonyamula zamasitima othamanga kwambiri ndi liwiro lochokera ku 200km/h mpaka 350km/h. Ma aloyi a m'badwo wachitatu amaphatikiza 6082 ndi ma aloyi a aluminiyamu okhala ndi scandium.

Ma Aluminiyamu Opangidwa ndi Scandium

Scandium ndi imodzi mwazinthu zoyenga bwino kwambiri za aluminiyamu ndipo imatengedwa kuti ndi yofunika kwambiri pakukhathamiritsa ma aluminiyamu aloyi. Zomwe zili mu scandium nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosakwana 0.5% muzitsulo za aluminiyamu, ndipo ma aloyi omwe ali ndi scandium amatchulidwa kuti aluminium-scandium alloys (Al-Sc alloys). Al-Sc alloys amapereka zabwino monga mphamvu zambiri, ductility wabwino, weldability kwambiri, ndi kukana dzimbiri. Akugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zombo, magalimoto apamlengalenga, makina opangira magetsi, ndi zida zodzitetezera, zomwe zimawapanga kukhala mbadwo watsopano wazitsulo za aluminiyamu zoyenera kupanga magalimoto a njanji.

Aluminium Foam

Masitima othamanga kwambiri amadziwika ndi katundu wopepuka wa ma axle, kuthamanga pafupipafupi komanso kutsika, komanso ntchito zolemetsa, zomwe zimafuna kuti kamangidwe kagalimoto kakhale kopepuka momwe kungathekere pokumana ndi mphamvu, kulimba, chitetezo, komanso chitonthozo. Mwachiwonekere, mphamvu yamtundu wa aluminiyamu yowala kwambiri, modulus yeniyeni, ndi mawonekedwe onyowa kwambiri amagwirizana ndi izi. Kafukufuku wakunja ndi kuwunika kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka thovu la aluminiyamu m'masitima othamanga kwambiri awonetsa kuti machubu achitsulo odzaza thovu a aluminiyamu ali ndi mphamvu yoyamwa mphamvu yopitilira 35% mpaka 40% kuposa machubu opanda kanthu ndi 40% mpaka 50% kuwonjezeka kwamphamvu yosinthika. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zipilala zamagalimoto ndi magawo ake azikhala olimba komanso kuti asagwe. Kugwiritsa ntchito thovu la aluminiyamu pakuyamwa mphamvu m'malo otchinga kutsogolo kwa locomotive kumakulitsa luso la kuyamwa. Masangweji opangidwa ndi 10mm wandiweyani thovu la aluminiyamu ndi mapepala owonda a aluminiyamu ndi 50% opepuka kuposa zitsulo zoyambilira pomwe akuwonjezera kuuma nthawi 8.